Fig. 1. A replot of Tennekes’“Great Flight Diagram” focusing exclusively on birds. Weight (W), cruising speed (v), and wing loading (S) of various birds follow notable correlations over almost four orders of magnitude in weight (25). The solid line describes predicted values based on isometric scaling of the wingspan and weight.
Scaling of bird wings and feathers for efficient flight
This is demonstrated by a segment of Tennekes’ “Great Flight Diagram” shown in Fig. 1, which describes scaling trends of weight, wing loading, and flight speed for birds. Note that the range in weight, from the lightest to the heaviest bird, is four orders of magnitude; cruising speed varies only by two orders of magnitude.
The Great Solar Flight Diagram, augmented version of Tennekes Great …
Using our design methodology, we can demonstrate mathematically that the ideal airframe weight prediction model, in order to make solar flight possible at large wingspan, should be square with...
A replot of Tennekes' "Great Flight Diagram" focusing
This is demonstrated by a segment of Tennekes' "Great Flight Diagram" (25) shown in Fig. 1, which describes scaling trends of weight, wing loading, and flight speed for birds.
Figure 8-3. The Great Flight Diagram showing the overall relation between weight, wing loading and cruising speed for a variety of insects (brown), birds (black), prehistoric birds (grey), human-powered aircrafts (red), airplanes (blue), and various small aircrafts such as toys, gliders and solar powered experimental planes (purple).
To understand flight, a good place to start is the weight a pair of wings can support. Bernoulli’s principle applied to airfoils: the airspeed over the top of the wing has to be faster than that below, because the air over the top “has to rejoin” the air along the bottom, faster air means lower pressure and hence the generation of lift on the wing.
Scaling of bird wings and feathers for efficient flight
2019年1月16日 · A replot of Tennekes' "Great Flight Diagram" focusing exclusively on birds. Weight (W ), cruising speed (v), and wing loading (S) of various birds follow notable correlations over almost four...
The simple science of flight : from insects to jumbo jets
Figure 2 The Great Flight Diagram. The scale for cruising speed (horizontal axis) is based on equation 2. The vertical line represents 10 meters per second (22 miles per hour).
Migration on Wings: Aerodynamics and Energetics | SpringerLink
After a short introduction on the birds migration, the book reviews the aerodynamics and Energetics of Flight and presents the calculation of the Migration Range. In addition, the authors explains aerodynamics of the formation flight and finally introduces great flight diagrams.
The Shape Factor | Bio-Aerial Locomotion - Boston University
2012年9月23日 · But changes in planform area for different speeds can be explained using the wing loading and The Great Flight Diagram: fighter jets have higher wing loading (smaller wings for their weight), and thus are faster than “ordinary” airplanes (or birds).
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