TLRs on the plasma membrane (TLR1, 2, 4 and 6) detect viral proteins, which are released in the extracellular environment, while endosomal TLRs (TLR3 and 7–9) recognize viral nucleic acids.

TLRs recognize conserved structures of microbes ... macrophages and dendritic cells 115. TLR3 is an endosomal TLR expressed in dendritic cells. It recognizes double stranded RNA, which is produced ...

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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease of undetermined etiology characterized by symmetric synovitis with predominantly destructive and multiple joint inflammation. Cytoplasmic DNA ...

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