But in 1951, Shockley improved upon the original idea with a junction transistor. The importance of this small item gradually sank in. The transistor was a solid (thus the term "solid-state ...

The new type of transistor, known as the "cryo-CMOS transistor," is optimized to operate at temperatures under 1 K and emit near-zero heat. A new type of transistor can dissipate almost zero heat ...