Agonists for TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are being tested as adjuvants for infectious diseases and in certain cancers. There is also potential for some of these agents in the de-sensitization of ...

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes.

Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(1):55-67. A summary of the events taking place after intradermal injection of naked mRNA is given inFigure 1. Although formulation of mRNA vaccines and sophisticated ...