Working with a panel of mutants that had defects in different components of the lac operon (Table 1), these researchers were able to determine how the system functioned (Jacob & Monod, 1961).

Attenuation, or dampening, of the trp operon is made possible by the fact ... This adds an additional layer of complexity to the system, as the rate of translation is affected by the availability ...

In particular, the polycistronic operon system, where multiple genes are expressed in coordination to form complexes and perform specific functions, is crucial in maximizing encoding efficiency ...