The etiology of heart failure involves alterations in multiple organ systems and neurohormonal regulatory processes. Table 1 summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms that are believed to ...

Diuresis can frequently reduce the left atrial pressure relieving symptoms of heart failure and returning the hemodynamics to those of grade I diastolic dysfunction. Grade III (reversible ...

Clinical consequences of heart failure are fatigue ... metabolic and central hemodynamic responses, as well as on endothelial, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular function, leading to improvement ...

Given the importance of hemodynamic considerations in heart failure treatment, impedance cardiography (ICG) is a technology that permits economical, noninvasive monitoring of hemodynamic ...