The Civil War had begun ... black officers -- only one hundred gained commissions during the war. African American soldiers were also given substandard supplies and rations.

4:1 — The ratio of people who attended church weekly to those who voted in the 1860 election 2.5 — Approximate percentage of the American population that died in the Civil War 7 million ...

The deadliest conflict in American history, the Civil War, also had some of its worst ... with a mortality rate more than twice as high. The granular nature of the census data means that ...